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Alectoria sarmentosa
''Alectoria sarmentosa'' is a long-lived, perennial lichen. It is also sometimes classified as a fungus. It is a light greenish colored and fructicose or bushy bodied. This epiphytic lichen belonging to the Alectoriaceae family and the suborder Lecanorineae, which includes six similar species.〔"Classification of Alectoria Ach. | USDA PLANTS." Plant Database and Classification | USDA PLANTS. United States Department of Agriculture, n.d. Web. 15 Nov. 2014.〕 ''A. sarmentosa'' grows draped or strung over conifer tree limbs and deciduous shrub branches in Northern temperate rainforest. This lichen favors mature and old growth, wet conifer and hardwood forests with clean air.〔McCune, Bruce, Linda Geiser, Sylvia Duran Sharnoff, Stephen Sharnoff, and Alexander G. Mikulin. Macrolichens of the Pacific Northwest. Corvallis: Oregon State UP, 1997. Print.〕 ''A. sarmentosa'' is sensitive to air pollution and used for air quality monitoring.〔McCune, Bruce, Linda Geiser, Sylvia Duran Sharnoff, Stephen Sharnoff, and Alexander G. Mikulin. Macrolichens of the Pacific Northwest. Corvallis: Oregon State UP, 1997. Print.〕 Areas required by ''A. sarmentosa'' are found in northern and southern temperate zones and receive high rainfall.〔"Witch's Hair · University of Puget Sound." University of Puget Sound, Slater Museum of Natural History. University of Puget Sound, n.d. Web. 15 Nov. 2014.〕 This lichen is commonly found in transitional areas between valley and mountainous forests, but usually avoiding the immediate coast.
The common name for ''A. sarmentosa'' is witch’s hair lichen. This common name is used for most ''Alectoria'' species. A similar-looking species commonly confused with ''A. sarmentosa'' is ''Usnea longissima''. These lichens are similar in color and growth patterns but ''A. sarmentosa'' lacks a central chord that characterizes the genus ''Usnea''.〔Pojar, Jim, A. MacKinnon, and Paul B. Alaback. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast: Washington, Oregon, British Columbia & Alaska. Redmond, WA: Lone Pine Pub., 1994. Print.〕〔"Witch's Hair · University of Puget Sound." University of Puget Sound, Slater Museum of Natural History. University of Puget Sound, n.d. Web. 15 Nov. 2014.〕
==Description==
The thalli, or body, of ''Alectoria sarmentosa'' are fruticose, stringy, and extensively branched. Each branch usually divides into two to four sections. The thicker branches are typically greater than 2.5 mm in diameter.〔McCune, Bruce, Linda Geiser, Sylvia Duran Sharnoff, Stephen Sharnoff, and Alexander G. Mikulin. Macrolichens of the Pacific Northwest. Corvallis: Oregon State UP, 1997. Print.〕 This Lichen is an epiphyte which means it has no roots. It depends on deriving its moisture and nutrients from the air, rain.〔McCune, Bruce, Linda Geiser, Sylvia Duran Sharnoff, Stephen Sharnoff, and Alexander G. Mikulin. Macrolichens of the Pacific Northwest. Corvallis: Oregon State UP, 1997. Print.〕
Color varies between species of ''Alectoria''. ''A. sarmentosa'' has been recorded varying in color from grayish green to yellowish green,〔McCune, Bruce, Linda Geiser, Sylvia Duran Sharnoff, Stephen Sharnoff, and Alexander G. Mikulin. Macrolichens of the Pacific Northwest. Corvallis: Oregon State UP, 1997. Print.〕〔Pojar, Jim, A. MacKinnon, and Paul B. Alaback. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast: Washington, Oregon, British Columbia & Alaska. Redmond, WA: Lone Pine Pub., 1994. Print.〕 occasionally blackening towards the ends,〔McCune, Bruce, Linda Geiser, Sylvia Duran Sharnoff, Stephen Sharnoff, and Alexander G. Mikulin. Macrolichens of the Pacific Northwest. Corvallis: Oregon State UP, 1997. Print.〕 with small white raised ridges on surface.〔Pojar, Jim, A. MacKinnon, and Paul B. Alaback. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast: Washington, Oregon, British Columbia & Alaska. Redmond, WA: Lone Pine Pub., 1994. Print.〕The thalli of ''A. sarmentosa'' form extensive mats up to 10–30 cm long.〔Pojar, Jim, A. MacKinnon, and Paul B. Alaback. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast: Washington, Oregon, British Columbia & Alaska. Redmond, WA: Lone Pine Pub., 1994. Print.〕〔Hale, Mason E. How to Know the Lichens. Dubuque, IA: W.C. Brown, 1969. Print.〕 These mats hang down in a pendulous fashion. Some mats can form dense collections that create curtain like formations. ''A. sarmentosa'' are prone to fragmentation by wind.〔Esseen, Per-Anders. "Edge Influence on the Old-Growth Forest Indicator Lichen ''Alectoria sarmentosa'' in Natural Ecotones." Journal of Vegetation Science 2006: 185. JSTOR Journals. Web. 18 Nov. 2014.〕
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